What is Diabetes? Treatment, Causes, Symptoms, and Types of Diabetes

Have you heard the myth that eating too much sugar can lead to the development of diabetes or that only individuals who are overweight or obese can be diagnosed with diabetes? These are two of the most common misconceptions around this chronic illness that, as of 2021, affects 529 million individuals around the world. The truth is, diabetes is not just about sugar or weight—it’s a chronic condition that affects how your body processes certain nutrients. So, what is diabetes? In this article, we’ll break down what causes diabetes, how it can be managed, and the symptoms to watch for.

What is Diabetes? Understanding the Condition

Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a chronic disease that affects how the body processes glucose. Glucose is a vital energy source for the body’s cells. For glucose to be used properly, it requires insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas that assists in moving glucose from the blood and into the other cells of one’s body. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin or doesn’t produce insulin at all. 

There are several types of diabetes, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and prediabetes. Each type has distinct causes, risk factors, and management approaches. 

Additionally, there is another condition called diabetes insipidus that is unrelated to blood glucose levels. Diabetes Insipidus is a rare disorder that affects the kidneys ability to retain water and is caused by a hormonal imbalance involving the body’s lack of response to or production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), rather than insulin.

Types of Diabetes

Wondering about the different forms of diabetes or the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes? Common types of diabetes include:

1. Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and is typically diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood. Individuals with type 1 diabetes often require insulin injections or an insulin pump for management.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and is often linked to lifestyle factors. It is characterized by insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels with readings over 180 mg/dL.

Risk factors that can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes include obesity, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and poor diet. Unlike type 1 diabetes, this form of diabetes can be managed or even reversed with diet, exercise, and weight loss, especially during the beginning stages of diagnosis.

3. Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include being over the age of 25, being overweight, or having a family history of diabetes.

Untreated gestational diabetes can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, such as preeclampsia, needing a C-section, premature birth, macrosomia (larger than average birth weight), and birth defects. Furthermore, while most cases resolve after pregnancy, women with gestational diabetes also are at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

4. Prediabetes

Prediabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. It is a warning sign that diabetes may develop in the near future if lifestyle changes are not made.

There are also less common types of diabetes including Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), and neonatal diabetes.

What Causes Diabetes?

While some believe eating too much sugar directly causes diabetes, this is not the case. Instead, having too much glucose in the bloodstream is the underlying issue for all types of diabetes.

High blood glucose levels develop when the body does not produce insulin, does not produce enough insulin, or cannot use insulin effectively. The reason for elevated glucose levels depends on the type of diabetes a person has. 

Here is a breakdown of the causes of diabetes based on the most common types: 

• Type 1 diabetes: Caused by an autoimmune attack that destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, preventing the body from making insulin. Individuals often have a genetic predisposition, but environmental triggers may also play a role.
• Type 2 diabetes: Often caused by a combination of genetics and lifestyle factors such as insulin resistance, excess weight, lack of physical activity, and poor diet.
• Gestational diabetes: Typically caused by hormonal changes during pregnancy that increase insulin resistance and make it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar.
• Prediabetes: Caused by insulin resistance and the body’s inability to regulate blood sugar effectively, often due to a combination of genetic factors and lifestyle influences such as excess weight and inactivity.

Symptoms and Warning Signs of Diabetes

If you’re wondering if you may have diabetes or think you may be at risk for developing this condition, there are several symptoms to watch out for. 

While some people experience noticeable warning signs early on, others may have mild symptoms or none at all. This makes routine screenings (such as having lab work done) essential for preventing the development of diabetes) essential, especially if you have risk factors like a family history of diabetes, excess weight, or high blood pressure.

• Early diabetes symptoms may include: 
  • Frequent urination
  • Excessive thirst
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Fatigue (especially after eating)
  • Blurred vision
  • Slow-healing sores or wounds
  • Nerve damage symptoms (tingling/numbness in hands and feet)

Symptoms also vary depending on the type of diabetes you have. Here are symptoms based on the most common types of diabetes: 

• Type 1 diabetes: Symptoms often appear suddenly and may include extreme thirst, frequent urination, unintended weight loss, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Individuals may also experience increased hunger and mood changes.
• Type 2 diabetes: Symptoms develop gradually and may include frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet due to nerve damage. Some individuals may have no noticeable symptoms for years.
• Gestational diabetes: Often does not cause noticeable symptoms but may lead to increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. It is usually detected during routine prenatal screenings.
• Prediabetes: Typically does not cause obvious symptoms, but some individuals may experience darkened skin patches (acanthosis nigricans) on the neck, armpits, or groin, along with milder symptoms of insulin resistance such as fatigue or increased thirst

How Does Diabetes Affect Daily Life?

Managing diabetes can take a toll on both your physical and mental health. Here are several ways that diabetes can affect your day-to-day life:

Daily Management Responsibilities

When managing diabetes, it’s important to set up a sustainable routine to ensure you’re feeling your best each day. Many people with diabetes use a glucose meter or continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to make sure their blood sugar levels are in a healthy range. 

You’ll also need to make sure that you’re taking any medications or insulin injections as prescribed. Meal planning is also an important factor. It’s important to choose foods that help regulate blood sugar, such as balancing carbohydrates with protein and fiber. Lastly, you’ll want to make sure that you incorporate daily exercise to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control. 

Impact on Physical Well-Being

Many people with diabetes experience physical symptoms that can interfere with their daily lives. From fatigue to increased thirst and frequent urination, these symptoms can cause discomfort and interrupt work, school, or other activities.

Over time, poorly controlled blood sugar may even lead to nerve damage (neuropathy), causing tingling, numbness, or pain, especially in the hands and feet. These challenges make daily self-care essential to maintaining physical well-being.

Affect on Emotional and Mental Health 

The emotional toll of diabetes management can be just as challenging as the physical aspects. Constantly monitoring food, activity, and blood sugar levels can feel overwhelming, leading to stress, frustration, or even burnout. 

Some people experience diabetes distress, a condition where the ongoing demands of managing diabetes become emotionally exhausting. Others may struggle with anxiety or depression, especially when blood sugar levels fluctuate unpredictably. Support from your doctor, dietitian, or family members can make a big difference in managing both the emotional and physical aspects of living with diabetes.

Social and Lifestyle Adjustments

Diabetes can also influence social life, work, and daily routines. Going out to eat may require extra planning to find balanced meal options, and travel often means preparing for changes in schedule, medication timing, and activity levels. Some people find that stress or lack of sleep affects their blood sugar, making it important to stay mindful of lifestyle factors beyond food. 

Even social situations, like gatherings with friends or celebrations can require a bit of extra thought to manage food choices and alcohol consumption while keeping blood sugar in check. However, with planning and awareness, many people find ways to integrate diabetes management into their lifestyle without feeling restricted, overwhelmed, or stressed.

What are the Best Treatments for Diabetes?

Treatment for diabetes can feel overwhelming. From counting carbs to remembering how, when, or amount of medication to use, it can seem like a full-time job. But small changes can make a huge impact. Here’s how you can take charge without feeling restricted:

1. Lifestyle Changes for Managing Diabetes

Maintaining a healthy diet is key for effectively managing diabetes. You’ll want to focus on whole foods, eating less saturated fats, and balancing your macronutrients. Working with a registered dietitian can help you create a balanced nutrition plan designed with your needs and health history in mind. 

Incorporating daily exercise is also important for diabetes management. Being physically active helps improve insulin sensitivity by helping your muscles use glucose more efficiently, lowering blood sugar levels, and reducing insulin resistance over time. Aerobic exercise (like walking and swimming) and strength training play a role in better blood sugar control.

Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight can prevent further diabetes complications further down the line. Even a small amount of weight loss—5-10% of body weight—can improve blood sugar regulation and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.

2. Medication and Insulin Therapy

Depending on the type of diabetes diagnosed, medication may be necessary to keep blood sugar levels in check:

• Type 1 Diabetes: Requires daily insulin therapy through injections or an insulin pump since the body cannot produce insulin. Many individuals also use continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) to track blood sugar levels in real time.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Management may involve oral medications, non-insulin injectables, or insulin therapy, depending on blood sugar control and what is recommended by your doctor. Newer treatments, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, help regulate blood sugar while offering additional benefits like weight loss and heart health support. However, utilization of these treatments require thorough discussion with your doctor and cannot be prescribed by a dietitian.

3. Monitoring Blood Sugar Levels

Regular blood sugar monitoring is essential for understanding how food, activity, stress, and medication impact glucose levels.

• Utilize Glucose trackers: Glucose meters or continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) help track blood sugar throughout the day, allowing for timely adjustments in treatment (note: readings from a CGM may lag 5-20 minutes behind what a blood glucose meter reading will provide).
• Maintain a blood sugar log: Keeping a log can help identify patterns and improve overall diabetes management.
• Prevent Complications: Monitoring blood sugar levels helps decrease your risk of various complications, such as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and long-term damage to the heart, kidneys, and nerves.

4. Managing Diabetes-Related Health Risks

Long-term diabetes management goes beyond blood sugar control—it also involves protecting overall health and preventative care.

• Heart health: Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease, so managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and stress is essential.
• Kidney protection: Keeping blood sugar and blood pressure in a healthy range can help prevent kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy).
• Nerve and eye health: Proper blood sugar management helps reduce the risk of diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic retinopathy (vision problems).
• Lifestyle strategies: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and consistent medical check-ups are key to preventing complications and living well with diabetes.

Can Diabetes Be Prevented or Reversed?

The good news is that type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and prediabetes can often be prevented through through alterations in lifestyle factors like diet and exercise. While type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that cannot be prevented or reversed, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be minimized by losing weight, healthy eating, and practicing consistent physical activity. 

For those at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, small lifestyle changes can make a big impact. A balanced diet rich in whole foods, fiber, and lean proteins helps regulate blood sugar levels and prevent insulin resistance. Limiting processed foods, refined sugars, and excessive carbohydrates can also lower your diabetes risk factors.

Regular physical activity is another powerful tool for diabetes prevention. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, which helps the body process glucose more efficiently. Simple habits like taking an after-dinner walk, incorporating strength training, or starting the day with a morning swim can significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Research shows that just 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week—about 30 minutes a day, five days a week—can lower the likelihood of type 2 diabetes by up to 58%.

What Should Diabetics Drink First Thing in the Morning?

The first drink of the day plays a crucial role in healthy blood sugar levels under control for people with diabetes. After fasting all night, your body is often dehydrated which can contribute to higher blood sugar levels. To avoid a blood sugar spike, choose unsweetened drinks that hydrate and help you maintain stable glucose levels. Start your day off right with these healthy options to encourage better hydration and nutrition throughout the day.

Best Morning Drinks for Diabetics:

• Water – Essential for hydration, helps flush out excess glucose.
• Lemon Water – Adds flavor and vitamin C without affecting blood sugar.
• Herbal Tea – Options like green tea or cinnamon tea may support insulin sensitivity.
• Black Coffee  – Can have benefits but should be consumed in moderation without added sugar or high-fat creamers.
• Unsweetened Almond or Soy Milk – Low in carbs, provides protein and healthy fats.
• Low-Sodium Vegetable Juice – A nutrient-dense option, but be mindful of the amount of carbohydrates in each serving.

Stay away from sugary or processed beverages. You’ll want to avoid sugary juices and sodas that can cause blood sugar spikes, but fruits can make great diabetic snacks, especially those that are high in fiber, can make great diabetic snacks. Additionally, avoid energy drinks and flavored coffee drinks that are high in sugar and caffeine. They can negatively affect glucose levels.

Manage Diabetes with Nutrition Counseling

Now that you know more about what diabetes is, you should have a better idea about how this disease affects the body and what to do about it. If you have diabetes or have any risk factors that could potentially lead to the development of this condition, it’s important to take proactive steps to support your health. In addition to consulting your doctor, nutrition therapy is an excellent place to start. Working with a registered dietitian can be a helpful way to treat diabetes and improve your overall well-being. 

If you or someone you love has diabetes or prediabetes, it’s important to seek holistic care that focuses on all aspects of health. For that reason, a licensed dietitian will be a valuable member of your care team. When you work with a Dietitian Live dietitian, you’ll get the support you need to manage your symptoms and make changes to your eating habits and lifestyle. 

It’s easy to get started. Sessions are remote, allowing you to meet from the comfort of your own home. Take the next step and book a session today. It’s time to get started on the path to better health!